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OSI Reference Model The  OSI , or  Open System Interconnection , model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven  layers . Control is passed from one  layer  to the next, starting at the application  layer  in one station, and proceeding to the bottom  layer , over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. OSI long from is open loop system interconnection. It is developed by International Standard Organization (ISO) in 1970. OSI reference model has 7 layers. Physical (layer 1), Data link (layer 2), Network (layer 3), Transport (layer 4), Session (layer 5), Presentation (layer 6), Application (layer 7). Below mention the functions that occur at each layer of the OSI model. OSI reference model Application layer: The application layer of the OSI model marks the spot where user actually communicate or interact with the computer. User application is in any form like file, print, images, messages, database, and appl...

BSNL TTA Paper III: computer Specialization Notes: 90 Marks Basic of Processing Unit 1.Specify the sequence of operation involved when an instruction is executed. a)Instruction Fetch b)Instruction Decode c)Operand Fetch d)Execute e) Write Back 2.Define parallel processing. Parallel processing is a term used to denote a large class of techniques that are used to provide simultaneous data-processing tasks for the purpose of increasing the computational speed of a computer system. Instead of processing each instruction sequentially as in a conventional computer, a parallel processing system is able to perform concurrent data processing to achieve faster execution time. 3.Define sequential circuits. A sequential circuit is an interconnection of flip-flops and gates. The gates by themselves constitute a combinational circuit, but when included with the flip flops, the overall circuit is classified as a sequential circuit. 4.Define interface. The word interface refers to the boundary between...